P1. PACK: 1. the entire assembly of filters and spinneret through which polymer flows during extrusion. 2. A unit of weight for wool, 240 pounds.
2. PACKAGE BUILD: A general term that applies to the form , angles, tension, etc., of a yarn package during winding. Package build affects performance during subsequent processing.
3. PADDING: the appliance of a liquor or paste to textiles either by passing the fabric through a shower and subsequently through squeeze rollers, or by passing it between squeeze rollers, rock bottom one among which carries the liquor or paste.
4. PADDLE DYEING MACHINE: A machine used for dyeing garments, hosiery, and other small pieces that are packaged loosely in mesh bags. The unit consists of an open tank and revolving paddles that circulate the luggage within the dye bath.
5. PAISLEY: A drop-shaped pattern that's extremely popular for men’s ties and womenswear.
6. PANNÉ SATIN: A satin fabric with a strangely high luster due to the appliance of very heavy roll pressure in finishing. Panné satin is formed of silk or one among the manufactured fibers.
7. PAPERMAKER’S FELT: Formerly, a heavy, wide, coarse, worsted or woolen fabric that was threaded between the rolls of the papermaking machine to make an endless conveyor belt for pulp or wet paper in its passage through the machine. These products are now also made from various constructions, woven and nonwoven, of manufactured fibers and monofilaments.
8. PARA: A chemical prefix, usually abbreviated p, indicating that two substituents on a benzene formula are separated by two carbon atoms.
9. PATTERN: 1. an appointment of form; a design or decoration like the planning of woven or printed fabrics. 2. A model, guide, or plan utilized in making things, like a garment pattern.
10. PEAU DE SOIE: A heavyweight, soft satin of silk or manufactured fiber with a fine cross rib and a dull luster. The term is French for “skin of silk.”
11. PEBBLE-WEAVE FABRIC: a cloth with an irregular or rough surface texture formed by either a special weave or by the utilization of highly twisted yarns that shrink once they are wet.
12. PECE: Post-chlorinated vinyl chloride polymer. The post-chlorination process increases chlorine content from 57% to 64%. The resulting polymer is soluble in acetone and may be wet spun.
13. PEEL ADHESION: The force required to delaminate a structure or to separate the surface layer from a substrate. Peel adhesion is that the usual measure of the strength of the bond between fiber reinforcements and rubber in tires and other mechanical rubber goods.
14. PEELER: In beaming, a defect caused by some of an end sticking or remaining on the beam, causing the filament to strip back or peel until it's broken. Although they're often related to ringers, peelers aren't necessarily defects which will circle the beams.
15. PELERINE: a tool for transferring stitches from the cylinder to the dial or the other way around on a circular-knitting machine.
16. PERCALE: A closely woven, plain-weave, spun fabric used for dress goods and sheeting, generally 80 x 80 threads per inch or better.
17. pH: Value indicating the acidity or alkalinity of a cloth . it's the negative logarithm of the effective proton concentration. A pH of 7.0 is neutral; but 7.0 is acidic; and quite 7.0 is basic.
18. PHASES BEAM: A beam on which each of the ends is wound from an equivalent depth of every of the bobbins on the creel. Phased beams are prepared when yarn properties vary from the within to the surface of the bobbins so as to stop warp streakiness within the finished fabric.
19. PHENOLIC: 1. A resin or plastic made by the condensation of a phenol with an aldehyde and used particularly in coatings and adhesives. 2. Containing or concerning phenol.
20. PHENYL: A chemical radical, (C6H5-), derived from benzene. it's the idea of the many aromatic derivatives.
21. PHOSPHORESCENCE: Emission of sunshine that persists for a clear time after the removal of the excitation source.
22. PHOSPHORIC ACID: An inorganic acid having the formula (H3PO4).
23. PHTHALIC ACID: An organic acid obtained by oxidation of varied benzene derivatives and having two adjacent (ortho) acid (COOH) groups on the benzene formula .
24. PICK: one filling thread carried by one trip of the weft-insertion device across the loom.
25. The picks interlace with the warp ends to make a woven fabric
26. PICKING: 1. A process that continues the opening and cleaning of staple and forms endless fiber sheet (or lap), which is delivered to the cardboard . 2. The operation of passing the filling through the warp shed during weaving.
27. PICK-OUT MARK: A filling wise band or bar characterized by a chafed or fuzzy appearance thanks to pulled-out picks.
28. PICOT: 1. alittle loop woven on the sting of ribbon, or a purl on lace. A picot edge can also be produced by a hemstitching machine. 2. A run-resistant loop usually found at the highest of hosiery.
29. PIECE: a typical length of a cloth , like 40, 60, 80, or 100 yards.
30. PIECING: The joining of two or more ends of sliver, roving, yarn, etc.
31. PIGMENT: An insoluble, finely divided substance, like titanium oxide , wont to deluster or color fibers, yarns, or fabrics.
32. PILE: 1. a cloth effect formed by introducing tufts, loops, or other erect yarns on all or a part of the material surface. Types are warp, filling, and knotted pile, or loops produced by weaving an additional set of yarns over wires that are then drawn out of the material . Plain wires leave uncut loops; wires with a razor-like blade produce a cut-pile surface. Pile fabric also can be made by producing a double-cloth structure woven face to face, with an additional set of yarn interlacing with each cloth alternately. the 2 fabrics are cut apart by a traversing knife, producing two fabrics with a cut-pile face. Pile shouldn't be confused with nap. Corduroys are another sort of pile fabric, where long filling floats on the surface are slit, causing the pile to face erect. 2. In carpets, pile refers to the face yarn, as against backing or support yarn. Pile carpets are produced by either tufting or weaving.
33. PILL: alittle accumulation of fibers on the surface of a cloth . Pills, which may develop during wear, are held to the fabric by an entanglement with surface fibers of the material, and are usually composed of an equivalent fibers from which the material is formed .
34. PILLING: The tendency of fibers to figure loose from a cloth surface and form balled or matted particles of fiber that remain attached to the surface of the material .
35. PILOT: A woolen cloth generally made in dark blue and used for seamen’s coats. it's usually a heavily milled 2/2 twill with a raised, brushed finish.
36. PINSONIC THERMAL JOINING MACHINE: A rapid, efficient quilting machine that uses ultrasonic energy instead of conventional stitching techniques to hitch layers of thermoplastic materials. The ultrasonic vibrations generate localized heat by causing one piece of fabric to vibrate against the opposite at extremely high speed, leading to a series of welds that fuse the materials together.
37. PIQUÉ: 1. A medium weight to heavyweight fabric with raised cords within the warp direction. 2. A double-knit fabric construction knit on multifeed circular machines.
38. PIRN: 1. A wood, paper, or plastic support, cylindrical or slightly tapered, with or without a conical base, on which yarn is wound. 2. The double-tapered take-up yarn package from drawtwisting of nylon, polyester, and other melt spun yarns.
39. PITCH: In pile floor cover , the typical number of pile ends per inch within the fillingwise direction.
40. PLAIN WEAVE: one among the three fundamental weaves: plain, satin, and twill. Each filling yarn passes successively over and under each warp yarn, alternating each row.
41. PLASTIC: A high polymer, usually combined with other ingredients like curatives, plasticizers, and fillers. It are often molded under heat and pressure then machined accurately in its hardened state.
42. PLASTICIZER: 1. A chemical added to polymers and resins to impart flexibility, workability, or stretchability. 2. A bonding agent that acts by solvent action on fibers.
43. PLATED: 1. A term to explain a cloth that's produced from two yarns of various colors, characters, or qualities, one among which appears on the face and therefore the other on the rear . 2. A term to explain a yarn covered by another yarn.
44. PLEAT: Three layers of cloth involving two folds or reversals of direction; the rear fold could also be replaced by a seam.
45. PLIED YARN: A yarn formed by twisting together two or more singles yarns in one operation.
46. PLISSÉ: A cotton, rayon, or acetate fabric with a crinkled or pleated effect. The effect is produced by treating the material , during a striped or spotted motif, with a caustic-soda solution which shrinks parts of the products .
47. PLUCKING: A condition found at the feed roll and lickerin section of the cardboard when larger than normal clusters of fiber are pulled from the lap by the lickerin. this example is generally caused by uneven laps or the lack of the feed rolls to carry the lap sheet while small clusters of fibers are being pulled from the lap by the lickerin. Plucking inevitably produces flaky webs.
48. PLUGGING VALUE: within the manufacture of acetate fibers, a measure of filterability. it's the load of solids in an acetate dope which will be skilled a hard and fast area of filter before the filter becomes plugged. it's expressed as weight of solids per square unit of filter area, e.g., g/cm2 .
49. PLUSH: A term describing a cut-pile carpet during which the pile yarns are only slightly twisted, dense, and really evenly sheared. an opulent carpet has the design of a solid, flat velvet surface. Similar pile constructions also are utilized in upholstery fabric.
50. PLY: 1. the amount of singles yarns twisted together to make a plied yarn, or the amount of plied yarns twisted together to make cord. 2. a private yarn during a plied yarn or cord. 3. one among variety of layers of cloth (ASTM). 4. the amount of layers of cloth , as during a shirt collar, or of cord during a tire.
51. POLYAMIDE: an artificial polymer and therefore the fibers made up of it during which the straightforward chemical compounds used for its production are linked together by amide linkages (-NH-CO-). (Also see NYLON FIBER.)
52. POLYARYLATE: High-temperature-resistant aromatic polyesters from bisphenols.
53. POLYCHLAL FIBER: A manufactured, bicomponent fiber of polyvinyl alcohol and PVC . Some vinyl chloride is grafted to the polyvinyl alcohol (Japanese Chemical Fibers Association definition). The fiber is emulsion spun into tow and staple. CHARACTERISTICS: Polychlal fibers have a soft, lamb’s wool-like hand and moderate moisture regain. The fibers also are characterized by high flame resistance and high abrasion resistance. END USES: Polychlal fibers are suitable for end uses like children’s sleepwear, blankets, carpets, curtains, bedding, upholstery, nonwovens, and papermaking.
54. POLYETHERIMIDE FIBER (PEI): A manufactured fiber spun from polyetherimide polymer having heat resistance, excellent processibility, and toughness. Used for matrix materials in composites and in other industrial applications.
55. POLYETHERSULFONE FIBER (PES): High relative molecular mass fibers from polymers containing sulfone (-SO2-) groups and aromatic nuclei. They demonstrate high thermal stability and chemical inertness.
56. POLYETHYLENE FIBER: A manufactured fiber made from polyethylene, often in monofilament form also as continuous filament yarns and staple. Ethylene is polymerized at high pressures and therefore the resulting polymer is melt spun and cold drawn. it's going to even be dry-spun from xylene solution.
57. POLYIMIDE FIBER: Fully imidized, manufactured fiber formed from the condensation polymer of an aromatic dianhydride and an aromatic diisocyanate. The fiber is produced by dry spinning. it's a high-shrinkage fiber utilized in the formation of mechanically stable nonwoven fabrics. These fabrics are made without binders or resins; bonding apparently results from the local temperature and pressure that develop during shrinkage.
58. POLYMER: A high relative molecular mass , chain-like structure from which manufactured fibers are derived; produced by linking together molecular units called monomers.
59. POLYMERIZE: To undergo polymerization. To react molecules leading to their combining and forming relatively long-chain, large molecules.
60. POLYNOSIC FIBER: A high-wet-modulus rayon staple having a microfibrillar structure of fibers. The molecular chain length of the cellulose forming the fiber is about twice as long as in conventional rayon.
61. POLYOLEFIN FIBER: A fiber produced from a polymerized olefin, like polypropylene or polyethylene.
62. POLYOXYAMIDE FIBER: Co polymeric fiber with good comfort properties, particularly high moisture absorption and transfer, and intrinsic softness.
63. POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FIBER (PTFE): Fluorine-containing manufactured fibers characterized by high chemical stability, relative inertness, and high freezing point . Made my emulsion spinning, a process that essentially leads to fusion of fibrils by passing an emulsion through a capillary, then drawing the resulting fiber. The fiber features a moderate lastingness and is especially immune to the effect of high temperatures and corrosive chemicals. Having very low frictional coefficients, it's a slippery hand. Its principal uses are in packaging and filtration media.
64. POLYVINYL ALCOHOL: A colorless, water-soluble resin made by the hydrolysis of a polyvinyl ester (usually the acetate). Polyvinyl alcohol is employed in textile processing as a size, frequently for nylon, and in fiber manufacture as a staple for the assembly of polyvinyl alcohol fibers.
65. POLYVINYL ALCOHOL FIBER: A manufactured textile fiber developed in Japan. it's made by dissolving polyvinyl alcohol in predicament and extruding this solution through a spinneret into a sodium sulphate coagulating bath. In Japan, the fiber is employed in apparel, household, and industrial fabrics.
66. PONGEE: 1. A thin, naturally tan-colored silk fabric with a knotty, rough weave. 2. A cotton fabric made up of yarns spun from fine-combed staple and finished with a high luster. This fabric is employed for underwear. 3. Fabrics like cotton pongee made up of manufactured fibers.
67. PONTE DI ROMA: a standard double-knit fabric construction with a four-feed repeat produced with the dial and cylinder needles in interlock gaiting. the material is obvious and appears an equivalent on each side .
68. POPCORN: 1. A special-effect yarn containing short, thick spots. 2. In polymer manufacture a term wont to describe oversize, deformed chip.
69. POPLIN: A plain-weave fabric of varied fibers characterized by a rib effect within the filling direction.
70. POROSITY: The ratio of the quantity of air or void contained within the boundaries of a cloth to the entire volume (solid matter plus air or void) expressed as a percentage.
71. POTASH: a standard name for potassium or potassium compounds. Generally wont to mean carbonate .
72. POT SPINNING: a way formerly used for creating viscose . The newly small stuff was delivered into the middle of a rapidly rotating, centrifugal pot, where it received twist and force caused it to travel to the wall of the pot. The yarn package so formed was called a cake.
73. POWDER-BONDED NONWOVEN: A manufactured product during which a carded web is produced and treated with a thermoplastic powder that features a freezing point but that of the fiber within the web. The powder is heated to its freezing point by through-air and infrared heating or by hot-calendering to effect bonding.
74. POWER FACTOR: Of an insulant , the ratio of the facility in watts dissipated during a capacitor during which the fabric is dielectric, to the merchandise of the sinusoidal voltage and current expressed in effective volt-amperes.
75. PREOXIDIZED FIBER: In carbon fiber production, a fiber that results from a comparatively coldness (200-500°C) heat treatment within the presence of oxygen which converts the precursor fiber, PAN or rayon, to an infusible fiber that's stable to further processing.
76. PREPREG: Ready-to-mold, reinforcing material, fiber, fabric, or mat that's fully impregnated with resin and in some cases partially cured. Prepregs are then employed by fabricators in laying-up and molding composites after which curing is completed.
77. PRESSLEY INDEX: A measure of the strength of fiber bundles determined under prescribed conditions and expressed in an arbitrary unit, pounds per milligram.
78. PRESSURE DROP: 1. A decrease in pressure that's caused by friction between a flowing liquid and a constricting container. The pressure drop is increased by a discount in diameter of the container. 2. The change in pressure across a filter.
79. PRETENSION: The relatively low tension applied to get rid of kinks and crimp when mounting a specimen preparatory to creating a test or to a textile processing operation, etc.
80. PRIMARY BACKING: the fabric , usually woven or nonwoven polypropylene or jute, into which a carpet is tufted. the first backing allows the positioning of every tuft and holds the tufts in position during processing, after which a secondary backing (q.v.) is applied to supply dimensional stability.
81. PRINT: a cloth with designs applied by means of dyes or pigments used on engraved rollers, blocks, or screens
82. PRINTCLOTH: A medium weight, plain-weave fabric made from carded yarns, usually cotton or polyester/cotton blends, with counts from 28’s to 42’s. many yards of print cloth are printed annually and other millions are finished as white goods. Large amounts of the products also are utilized in the greige for baggage , containers, and base fabric for coated materials.
83. PRINTING: A process for producing a pattern on yarns, warp, fabric, or carpet by any of an outsized number of printing methods. the colour or other treating material, usually within the sort of a paste, is deposited onto the material which is then usually treated with steam, heat, or chemicals for fixation. Various sorts of printing are described below:
1. Methods of manufacturing Printed Fabrics: Block Printing: The printing of cloth by hand, using carved wooden or linoleum blocks, as distinguished from printing by screens or roller. Blotch Printing: A process wherein the background color of a design is printed instead of dyed. Burn-Out Printing: a way of printing to get a raised design on a sheer ground. the planning is applied with a special chemical onto a cloth woven of pairs of threads of various fibers. one among the fibers is then destroyed locally by chemical process . Burn-out printing is usually used on velvet. the merchandise of this operation is understood as a burnt-out print. Direct Printing: A process wherein the colours for the specified designs are applied on to the white or dyed cloth, as distinguished from discharge printing and resist printing. Discharge Printing: In “white” discharge printing, the material is piece dyed, then printed with a paste containing a chemical that reduces the dye and hence removes the colour where the white designs are desired. In “colored” discharge printing, a color is added to the discharge paste so as to exchange the discharged color with another shade. Duplex Printing: a way of printing a pattern on the face and therefore the back of a cloth with equal clarity. Heat Transfer Printing: a way of printing fabric of polyester or other thermoplastic fibers with disperse dyes. the planning is transferred from preprinted paper onto the material by contact heat which causes the dye to sublime. Having no affinity for paper, the dyes are haunted by the material . the tactic is capable of manufacturing well-defined, clear prints. Ink-Jet Printing: Non-contact printing that uses electrostatic acceleration and deflection of ink particles released by small nozzles to make the pattern. Photographic Printing: a way of printing from photoengraved rollers. The resultant design seems like a photograph. The designs can also be photographed on a silk screen which is employed in screen printing. Pigment Printing: Printing by the utilization of pigments rather than dyes. The pigments don't penetrate the fiber but are affixed to the surface of the material by means of synthetic resins which are cured after application to form them insoluble. The pigments are insoluble, and application is within the sort of water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions of pigment pastes and resins. the colours produced are bright and usually fat except to crocking. Resist Printing: A printing method during which the planning are often produced: (1) by applying a resist agent within the desired design, then dyeing the material , during which case, the planning remains white although the remainder of the material is dyed; or (2) by including a resist agent and a dye within the paste which is applied for the planning , during which case, the colour of the planning isn't suffering from subsequent dyeing of the material background. Roller Printing: the appliance of styles to fabric, employing a machine containing a series of engraved metal rollers positioned around an outsized padded cylinder. Print paste is fed to the rollers and a doctor blade scrapes the paste from the unengraved portion of the roller. Each roller supplies one color to the finished design, and because the fabric passes between the roller and therefore the padded cylinder, each color the planning is applied. Most machines are equipped with eight rollers, although some have sixteen rollers. Rotary Screen Printing: a mixture of roller and screen printing during which a perforated cylindrical screen is employed to use color. Color is forced from the inside of the screen onto the material . Screen Printing: a way of printing almost like employing a stencil. The areas of the screen through which the coloring matter isn't to pass are crammed with a water-proof material. The printing paste which contains the dye is then forced through the untreated portions of the screen onto the material below. Warp Printing: The printing of a design on the sheet of warp yarns before weaving. The filling is either white or a neutral color, and a grayed effect is produced within the areas of the planning . 2. Methods of manufacturing Printed Carpets: Millitron Process: A computer-controlled, non-contact sprays printing that permits the assembly of intricate multicolored designs. Although this process was developed for carpets by Milliken & Co., it also can be used for upholstery, pile fabrics, and other textiles. Mitter Printing Machine: A rotary carpet printer with up to eight stainless-steel mesh screens, and with cylindrical squeegees of moderately large diameter in each rotary screen. The unit features a streaming zone for dye fixation.
84. PRODUCER-TEXTURED YARNS: Continuous filament yarns that are bulked during manufacturing by the fiber producer.
85. PRODUCER TWIST: Small amounts of twist, usually ½ turn per inch or less, applied to yarns by the manufacturer to supply cohesion of filaments for further processing.
86. PROJECTILE LOOM: A shuttle less loom that uses small, bullet-like projectiles to hold the filling yarn through the shed. Fill is inserted from an equivalent side of the loom for every pick. A tucked selvage is made .
87. PUCKER: Uneven surface caused by differential shrinkage of the yarns during a fabric or differential shrinkage of the material and sewing thread. could also be desirable and planned, or undesirable.
88. PULLED-IN FILLING: an additional thread dragged into the shed with the regular pick and increasing only a neighborhood of the way across the material .
89. PULP: the top product of cooking wood chips, cotton, or some source of cellulose with water and appropriate chemicals. utilized in the manufacture of cellulosic fibers, paper, and other cellulose-based products.
90. PULTRUSION: the assembly of continuous lengths of fiber-reinforced advanced composites. Fibers are fed as roving, fabric, or mat, or some combination of those , through a resin impregnation process, to a forming guide, then to a heated die to supply a selected shape, and eventually to a puller where the structure is pulled through different forming and cooling stages. Thermoplastic fibers could also be substituted for the resin within the pultrusion process
91. PURL: 1. A stitch that leads to horizontal ridges across the material . it's made by drawing alternate courses through all sides of the material . 2. A picot or small loop that edges needlework, lace, or ribbon. Sometimes spelled pearl. 3. Coiled gold or silver thread used for embroidery.
92. PYROLYSIS: A chemical process caused by the action of warmth , usually within the absence of a reactive medium. Complex chemical molecules are reduced to simpler chemical units as a results of pyrolysis.
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